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Apache

htdocs folder

/var/www

apache configuration files

/etc/apache2/

vhosts definitions

/etc/apache2/sites-available

Create a link to each definition in /etc/apache2/sites-enabled: ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/mysite.lnk /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite

Or with newer versions of Ubuntu: a2ensite mysite for enabling and a2dissite mysite for disabling

start/stop/restart apache

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start/restart/stop

Logs

/var/log/apache2

PHP

php ini

/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini

Sessions temp dir

/var/lib/php5

Pear and all of that stuff

/usr/share/php5

mysql

config file (my.cnf)

/etc/mysql/my.cnf

Delete tables with a certain pattern (drop tables like)

mysql –user=theuser –password=thepassword -N -e "show tables like 'whatever%'" db_name | perl -e 'while(<>){chomp; push @tables, $_;}print "drop table " . join ("," ,@tables) . "\n";' | mysql –user=theuser –password=thepassword db_name

Files

Find files which have been modified today

find . -mtime -1 -print

Find all backup files in a directory

find . -name *~ -print

Find all backup files and delete them!

find . -name "*~" -exec rm {} \;

Change permissions for all folders only

find . -type d -exec chmod g+x {} \;

Set the group id bit (so files created later in the folder belong ot the folder's group)

chmod g+s directory

Uncompress lots of zips with just one line of terminal commands

find *.zip -exec unzip {} \;

Find only files

find . -type f

Find only files … and delete them!

find . -type f -delete

Recursively find files which contain a given text

grep -lir "a given text" *

Available space in disk

df -h (in fact this return available space in each mount in the system)

Show differences between two files without taking into account whitespace (very useful when line returns and spaces/tabs are messing up normal diffs)

diff -w file1 file2

Backups

archive and compress a whole directory

tar cvfz archive.tar.gz dname

backup a database

mysqldump db_name –user=username –password=password > database_dump.sql

backup all databases

mysqldump -u username -p –all-databases >/tmp/databases.dump

All-in-one: get a remote database dump, compress it, download and uncompress in your local machine

ssh your_host "cd dumps_dir; mysqldump –user your_user –password=your_pass –host=db_host database_name | gzip > database_name.gz"

scp your_login@your_host:dumps_dir/database_name.gz ./sql/

gunzip ./sql/database_name.gz

Compress a file with zip

zip outputfile.zip file1 file2 file3… fileN

Download a remote directory to current directory

scp -rv yourlogin@yourhost:~/web/public_html .

Updates

Remove unused packages

sudo apt-get autoremove

Manually update greyed out entries in the update manager

Go to Synaptic Package Manager, order by the status column (i.e. the first one), select all the packages with a star (*) over a green background, and select "Mark for upload".

Distribution update

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

sudo gksu "update-manager -c"

Crisis!! X server doesn't work after updating the distribution - boot in safe mode and run

sudo apt-get install –reinstall xserver-xorg

sudo dpkg -reconfigure xserver-xorg

System

Turn off

sudo shutdown

Reboot

sudo reboot

List mounted devices and disks and other info

sudo fdisk -l

Static file system information

/etc/fstab

Fcsk - boot from live CD (it won't allow you to fsck a mounted drive)

open a console with ctrl+alt+f1

then sudo fsck /dev/sdb, etc

Another option: sudo e2fsck -p -f -v /dev/sda

Force fsck on boot

sudo touch /forcefsck and reboot!

Xorg

Restart xorg

press ctrl+alt+backspace

Net stuff

Download a file with curl

curl -o outputfile source_url

Subversion

List info for a remote repository

svn info svn://repository_url (or http://repository_url, etc)

svn info also works with local resources: svn info . lists info for current directory

List files in a repository path

svn list svn://repository/path

VirtualBox

Recompiling kernel module after upgrading the kernel:

sudo aptitude install linux-headers-$(uname -r)

sudo /etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup

Some people suggest using "sudo aptitude install virtualbox-ose-modules-generic" which is "a metapackage". I haven't tested it.

PulseAudio

Stop and restart

pkill pulseaudio; pulseaudio &

PGP & co

Clearsign a file with a non-default key

gpg –default-key [KEYID] –clearsign [FILENAME]